Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research.
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"Statement I: Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the study.
Statement II: Through exploration, researchers develop concepts more clearly, establish priorities, develop operational definitions, and improve the final research design.", "Both Statement I and Statement II are false", "Both Statement I and Statement II are true", "Statement I is false but Statement II is true", "Statement I is true but Statement II is false", "b" ], [ "Survey research is based on which of the following?", "Constructivism", "Hermeneutics", "Interpretivism", "Positivism", "d" ], [ "Some of the types of hypothesis are as follows:
A. Descriptive
B. Null
C. Confounding
D. Intervening
E. Explanatory (Causal)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "A, B and D only", "A, B and E only", "A, B and C only", "B, C and D only", "b" ], [ "Identify the qualitative research designs from the list given below:
(i) Exploring common experiences of individuals to develop a theory
(ii) Controlling, manipulating, observing and measuring the effect
(iii) Exploring the shared culture of a group of people
(iv) Exploring individual stories to describe the lives of people
(v) Extending generalizations from sample to population
Select the correct answer from the following options:", "(i), (iii) and (iv)", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(ii), (iii) and (v)", "(ii), (iv) and (v)", "a" ], [ "Which of the following shows the correct sequence in undertaking Action Research based studies?", "Planning, Acting on the plan, Observing and Reflecting", "Acting on the plan, Observing, Planning and Reflecting", "Reflecting, Planning, Acting on the plan and Observing", "Acting on the plan, Reflecting, Planning and Observing", "a" ], [ "Match List I with List II
Select the correct answer from the options given below:", "(1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iii), (4)-(iv)", "(1)-(ii), (2)-(iii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(v)", "(1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)", "(1)-(iii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(v), (4)-(i)", "d" ], [ "A researcher reports his/her research finding to the research audience in such a way that his/her personal views are necessarily getting supported. This would involves issues relating to", "Technical aberration", "Research ethicst", "Scientific rigour", "Personal predilection", "d" ], [ "In which of the following research methods, an empirico—inductive paradigm is employed?
1. Ethnographic probe
2. Case study method
3. Ex post facto method
4. Narrative method
5. Experimental method
Select your answer from the options given below:", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 4", "3, 4 and 5", "c" ], [ "The probability sampling procedures are mostly used in which of the following researches?
1. Survey researches
2. Experimental researches
3. Phenomenology based researches
4. Action researches
5. Correlational design based researches
Select your answer from the following options:", "1, 2 and 5", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "3, 4 and 5", "a" ], [ "A researcher while reporting his/her research findings gives weightage to stake holder’s perspective in a qualitative research theme. This will involve", "Violation of ethical norms", "Bias and prejudices", "Disclosure of reality situation", "Inappropriate interference of others in research", "c" ], [ "From the following list identify the qualitative research characteristics and select your answer from the codes given below:
(i) Creating purpose statements and research questions
(ii) Stating the purpose and research questions in a broad way
(iii) Collecting data based on words from a small number of individuals
(iv) Collecting numeric data and statistical analysis
(v) Using text analysis and interpreting larger meanings of the findings", "(ii), (iii) and (v)", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(i), (ii) and (iv)", "(i), (iii) and (v)", "a" ], [ "Position papers are", "Compiling of academic articles", "Providing review articles", "Offering a synopsis of an extended research", "Highlighting of issues and depiction of status", "d" ], [ "A hypothesis is", "A certain and established finding", "A part of the research question", "A strategy of evaluating data", "A tentative statement providing an explanation", "d" ], [ "Case studies are", "Studies conducted in areas of genetics and microbiology", "In-depth examination of a subject and its related conditions", "A report on the existing socio political condition", "Specialized research in the areas of health and sanitation", "b" ], [ "Identify those stages/steps of research in which ethical considerations become relevant. Choose from the code to give your answer.
1. Identifying and defining research question.
2. Postulating relationships among variables to advance a solution.
3. Collecting data through use of research tools.
4. Defining the population and sampling procedure.
5. Data analysis and procedure employed.
6. Reporting procedure of findings/results.", "3, 5 and 6", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 6", "a" ], [ "In the two sets given below, Set-I specifies the methods of research while Set-II describes the critical feature associated with a method of research. Match the two and select from the code to indicate your answer.
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(iv) (v) (ii) (iii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)", "(ii) (i) (iv) (iii)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "a" ], [ "The paradigm of research which focuses on the development of professional expertise of the researcher-practitioner is called:", "Pure research", "Applied research", "Action research", "Qualitative research", "c" ], [ "Which of the following statements best reflect the meaning and characteristics of research? Select from the code to give your answer.
1. Research means challenging the status quo.
2. Research is an endeavour to collect facts and information.
3. Research is a synthesis of deductive and inductive processes.
4. Research means proving one’s assertions and beliefs.
5. Research is a careful review of reported studies.
6. Research is a critical and passionate search for knowledge.", "1, 5 and 6", "2, 4 and 5", "1, 3 and 6", "1, 2 and 3", "c" ], [ "In the two sets given below, Set-I provides the format of presentation and Set-II gives the distinct features to go with them. Match the two sets and select from the code to indicate your answer.
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(iii) (i) (ii) (v)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "(v) (iv) (ii) (iii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (v)", "c" ], [ "There are two sets given below. Set-I specifies the types of research, while Set-II indicates their characteristics. Match the two and give your answer by selecting the appropriate code.
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(ii) (iv) (iii) (i)", "(v) (iv) (iii) (ii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "a" ], [ "Which of the sets of activities best indicate the cyclic nature of action research strategy?", "Reflect, Observe, Plan, Act", "Observe, Act, Reflect, Plan", "Act, Plan, Observe, Reflect", "Plan, Act, Observe, Reflect", "d" ], [ "Which of the following sequences of research steps is nearer to scientific method?", "Suggested solution of the problem, Deducing the consequences of the solution, Perceiving the problem situation, Location of the difficulty and testing the solutions.", "Perceiving the problem situation, Locating the actual problem and its definition, Hypothesizing, Deducing the consequences of the suggested solution and Testing the hypothesis in action.", "Defining a problem, Identifying the causes of the problem, Defining a population, Drawing a sample, Collecting data and Analysing results.", "Identifying the causal factors, Defining the problem, Developing a hypothesis, Selecting a sample, Collecting data and arriving at generalizations and Conclusions.", "b" ], [ "The problem of ‘research ethics’ is concerned with which aspect of research activities?", "Following the prescribed format of a thesis", "Data analysis through qualitative or quantitative techniques", "Defining the population of research", "Evidence based research reporting", "d" ], [ "The tendency of researchers to subtly and inadvertently affect the behaviours of participants in study, obscuring the true effect of the independent variable, refers to:", "Hawthorne Effect", "Biosocial Effect", "Experimental Bias", "Participant Bias", "c" ], [ "In which of the following research types focuses on ameliorating the prevailing situations?", "Fundamental Research", "Applied Research", "Action Research", "Experimental Research", "c" ], [ "A researcher attempts to evaluate the effect of method of feeding on anxiety - proneness of children. Which method of research would be appropriate for this?", "Case study method", "Experimental method", "Ex-post-facto method", "Survey method", "c" ], [ "In finalizing a thesis writing format, which of the following would form part of supplementary pages?", "List of tables and figures", "Table of contents", "Conclusions of the study", "Bibliography and Appendices", "d" ], [ "Which of the following is susceptible to the issue of research ethics?", "Inaccurate application of statistical techniques", "Faulty research design", "Choice of sampling techniques", "Reporting of research findings", "d" ], [ "The principal of a school conducts an interview session of teachers and students with a view to explore the possibility of their enhanced participation in school programmes. This endeavour may be related to which type of research?", "Evaluation Research", "Fundamental Research", "Action Research", "Applied Research", "c" ], [ "In doing action research what is the usual sequence of steps?", "Reflect, observe, plan, act", "Plan, act, observe, reflect", "Plan, reflect, observe, act", "Act, observe, plan, reflect", "b" ], [ "Which sequence of research steps is logical in the list given below?", "Problem formulation, Analysis, Development of Research design, Hypothesis making, Collection of data, Arriving at generalizations and conclusions.", "Development of Research design, Hypothesis making, Problem formulation, Data analysis, Arriving at conclusions and data collection.", "Problem formulation, Hypothesis making, Development of a Research design, Collection of data, Data analysis and formulation of generalizations and conclusions.", "Problem formulation, Deciding about the sample and data collection tools, Formulation of hypothesis, Collection and interpretation of research evidence.", "c" ], [ "The issue of ‘research ethics’ may be considered pertinent at which stage of research?", "At the stage of problem formulation and its definition", "At the stage of defining the population of research", "At the stage of data collection and interpretation", "At the stage of reporting the findings.", "c" ], [ "A researcher intends to explore the effect of possible factors for the organization of effective mid-day meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for this study?", "Historical method", "Descriptive survey method", "Experimental method", "Ex-post-facto method", "d" ], [ "Which of the following is an initial mandatory requirement for pursuing research?", "Developing a research design", "Formulating a research question", "Deciding about the data analysis procedure", "Formulating a research hypothesis", "b" ], [ "The format of thesis writing is the same as in", "preparation of a research paper/article", "writing of seminar presentation", "a research dissertation", "presenting a workshop/conference paper", "c" ], [ "In the qualitative research paradigm, which of the following features may be considered critical?", "Data collection with standardised research tools.", "Sampling design with probability sample techniques.", "Data collection with bottom-up empirical evidence.", "Data gathering to take place with top-down systematic evidence.", "c" ], [ "From the following list of statements identify the set which has negative implications for ‘research ethics’:
(i) A researcher critically looks at the findings of another research.
(ii) Related studies are cited without proper references.
(iii) Research findings are the basis for policy making.
(iv) Conduct of the practitioner is screened in terms of reported research evidence.
(v) A research study is replicated with a view to verify the evidence from other researches.
(vi) Both policy making and policy implementing processes are regulated in terms of preliminary studies.", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(ii), (iii) and (iv)", "(ii), (iv) and (vi)", "(i), (iii) and (v)", "c" ], [ "In a research on the effect of child-rearing practices on stress-proneness of children in completing school projects, the hypothesis formulated is that ‘child rearing practices do influence stress-proneness’. At the data-analysis stage a null hypothesis is advanced to find out the tenability of the research hypothesis. On the basis of the evidence available, the null hypothesis is rejected at 0.01 level of significance. What decision may be warranted in respect of the research hypothesis?", "The research hypothesis will also be rejected.", "The research hypothesis will be accepted.", "Both the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis will be rejected.", "No decision can be taken in respect of the research hypothesis.", "b" ], [ "Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of research are correct?
(a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution of a problem.
(b) It is a systematic, logical and an unbiased process wherein verification of hypothesis, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
(c) It is an intellectual enquiry or quest towards truth.
(d) It leads to enhancement of knowledge.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 3 and 4", "1, 2, 3 and 4", "d" ], [ "A good thesis writing should involve:
1. reduction of punctuation and grammatical errors to a minimum.
2. careful checking of references.
3. consistency in the way the thesis is written.
4. a clear and well written abstract.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:", "1, 2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 3", "1, 2 and 4", "2, 3 and 4", "a" ], [ "Jean Piaget gave a theory of cognitive development of humans on the basis of his:", "Fundamental Research", "Applied Research", "Action Research", "Evaluation Research", "a" ], [ "“Male and female students perform equally well in a numerical aptitude test.” This statement indicates a:", "research hypothesis", "null hypothesis", "directional hypothesis", "statistical hypothesis", "b" ], [ "Which of the following statements is not true in the context of participatory research?", "It recognizes knowledge as power.", "It emphasises on people as experts.", "It is a collective process of enquiry.", "Its sole purpose is production of knowledge.", "d" ], [ "Which of the following statements is true in the context of the testing of a hypothesis?", "It is only the alternative hypothesis, that can be tested.", "It is only the null hypothesis, that can be tested.", "Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.", "Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.", "b" ], [ "Ethical norms in research do not involve guidelines for:", "Thesis format", "Copyright", "Patenting policy", "Data sharing policies", "a" ], [ "A variable that has a causal impact on another, variable is called.", "Dependent variable", "Independent variable", "Confounding variable", "Extraneous variable", "b" ], [ "Which among the following types of variables can NOT be rank ordered?", "Nominal", "Ordinal", "Interval", "Ratio", "a" ], [ "Qualitative research is usually ________ whereas quantitative research is usually_____ .", "structured, unstructured", "unstructured, structured", "inductive, deductive", "deductive, inductive", "c" ], [ "A research study is said to have heuristic value if:", "It leads to no further research", "It generates more research", "Its results lack consistency", "Its results lack validity", "b" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement I : Medical research usually involves pain or distress in animals.
Statement II : Psychological research is usually benign and may involve little, if any, discomfort for the animals.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:", "Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.", "Both Statement I and Statement II are in correct.", "Statement I is correct but Statement II is in correct.", "Statement I is in correct but Statement II is correct.", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement I: The quantitative content analysis in Social science research is a very transparent research method.
Statement II: The quantitative content analysis is often referred to as obtrusive method.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most correct answer from the options given below:", "Both statement I and statement II are correct.", "Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.", "Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.", "Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.", "c" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): In Cross- Sectional research, a researcher studies the same population over time.
Statement (II): In retrospective study, a researcher relies on people's memories and recollections of the past.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.", "Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.", "Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.", "d" ], [ "The systematic elimination of extraneous variables, other than those you are interested in, can be done in which of the following types of research?", "Qualitative research", "Longitudinal research", "Experimental research", "Co relational research", "c" ], [ "Identify the types of longitudinal studies from the following:
(A) Trend studies
(B) Cross-sectional studies
(C) Panel studies
(D) Prospective studies
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "(A) and (C) only", "(A), (B) and (C) only", "(B), (C) and (D) only", "(A), (C) and (D) only", "d" ], [ "An epistemological position that advocated the application of the methods of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond, refers to :", "Positivism", "Interpretivism", "Objectivism", "Constructionism", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements: Statement I: Qualitative research is impressionistic and objective. Statement II: Quantitative research has a lower level of possibility of generalising the findings.", "Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.", "Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.", "Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.", "Both statements I and II are correct.", "c" ], [ "Which of the following are the components of decision traps to illustrate what needs to be a possible evaluatory framework to monitor the learning process?
A. Overconfidence
B. Coaching
C. Frame blindness
D. Taking shortcuts
E. Persistent misconception", "A and B only", "A, C and D only", "A, B and C only", "A, C and E only", "b" ], [ "Which of the following research approaches suggests that theory is an outcome of research?", "Deductive approach", "Inductive approach", "Quantitative approach", "Cross-sectional approach", "b" ], [ "The systematic elimination of extraneous variables other than those you are interested in can be achieved in:", "Qualitative research", "Correlational research", "Experimental research", "Longitudional research", "c" ], [ "Qualitative research is generally associated with-", "Inductive approach", "Deductive approach", "Positivism", "Objectivism", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): In a reference written in APA style, the first name of an author is written first.
Statement (II): In a reference written in APA style, the year of the publication is written after the page number.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are true", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false", "Statement (I) is true but statement (II) is false", "Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true", "b" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): Qualitative research lays emphasis on contextual understanding.
Statement (II): Quantitative research is typically highly unstructured.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.", "Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.", "Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.", "c" ], [ "Which of the following are the major factors that threaten coral reefs?", "A. Decreasing sea temperatures
B. Human activities
C. Global warming
D. Rising sea-levels", "A and C only", "B, C and D only", "B and C only", "A and B only", "c" ], [ "Which of the following criteria in qualitative research concerns the question ___________ do the results apply to other contexts?", "Transferability", "Reliability", "Internal validity", "Approval", "a" ], [ "The criterion of 'dependendability' in qualitative research parallels which of the following criteria in quantitative research?", "Objectivity", "internal validity", "external validity", "reliability", "d" ], [ "The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers are:
A. Measurement
B. Casuality
C. Generalization
D. Replication
Choose the correct answer from the options given below", "A and B only", "B, C and D only", "A, C and D only", "A, B, C and D", "d" ], [ "Identify the similarities between quantitative and qualitative research:
(A) Both are concerned with data reduction.
(B) Both are concerned with variation in data.
(C) Both lay emphasis on contextual understanding.
(D) Both lay emphasis on generalization.
(E) Both are concerned with answering research questions.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "(A), and (D) Only", "(A), (B), (D) and (E) Only", "(B), (D) and (E) Only", "(A), (B) and (E) Only", "d" ], [ "Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of quantitative research?", "explanatory", "Constructivism", "Positivism", "Inductiveism", "c" ], [ "Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of qualitative research?", "Deductiveism", "Positivism", "Subjectivism", "interpretivism", "d" ], [ "Select the major assumptions of qualitative researchers :
(A) Emphasis on process
(B) Emphasis on generalization
(C) Emphasis on context
(D) Emphasis on description
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "Only (A), (B) and (C)", "Only (B), (C) and (D)", "Only (A), (B) and (D)", "Only (A), (C) and (D)", "d" ], [ "If a conclusion incorporates a causal relationship between two or more variables it has measured.", "External validity", "Internal validity", "Replicability", "Conceptualisation", "b" ], [ "Your measurements should show which of the following validities if you want to generalize the results of your research to a different population?", "Construct validity", "Internal validity", "External validity", "Convergent validity", "c" ], [ "A researcher conducts a study regarding a population and gets some results. Now he wants to generalize these results to a different population. For this, the following should be shown in his measurement.", "External validity", "internal validity", "Amissary validity", "divergent validity", "a" ] ]
Statement II: Through exploration, researchers develop concepts more clearly, establish priorities, develop operational definitions, and improve the final research design.", "Both Statement I and Statement II are false", "Both Statement I and Statement II are true", "Statement I is false but Statement II is true", "Statement I is true but Statement II is false", "b" ], [ "Survey research is based on which of the following?", "Constructivism", "Hermeneutics", "Interpretivism", "Positivism", "d" ], [ "Some of the types of hypothesis are as follows:
A. Descriptive
B. Null
C. Confounding
D. Intervening
E. Explanatory (Causal)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "A, B and D only", "A, B and E only", "A, B and C only", "B, C and D only", "b" ], [ "Identify the qualitative research designs from the list given below:
(i) Exploring common experiences of individuals to develop a theory
(ii) Controlling, manipulating, observing and measuring the effect
(iii) Exploring the shared culture of a group of people
(iv) Exploring individual stories to describe the lives of people
(v) Extending generalizations from sample to population
Select the correct answer from the following options:", "(i), (iii) and (iv)", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(ii), (iii) and (v)", "(ii), (iv) and (v)", "a" ], [ "Which of the following shows the correct sequence in undertaking Action Research based studies?", "Planning, Acting on the plan, Observing and Reflecting", "Acting on the plan, Observing, Planning and Reflecting", "Reflecting, Planning, Acting on the plan and Observing", "Acting on the plan, Reflecting, Planning and Observing", "a" ], [ "Match List I with List II
| List I (Key Terms used in Research) | List II (Description of Terms) |
|---|---|
| (1) Hypothesis | (i) Techniques used for collection of facts and information |
| (2) Sample | (ii) Devices for arriving at conclusions |
| (3) Research Design | (iii) A tentative statement indicating potential solution of the problem of study |
| (4) Research Tool | (iv) A subset drawn from a defined set(v) Conceptual framework for conducting research |
Select the correct answer from the options given below:", "(1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iii), (4)-(iv)", "(1)-(ii), (2)-(iii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(v)", "(1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)", "(1)-(iii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(v), (4)-(i)", "d" ], [ "A researcher reports his/her research finding to the research audience in such a way that his/her personal views are necessarily getting supported. This would involves issues relating to", "Technical aberration", "Research ethicst", "Scientific rigour", "Personal predilection", "d" ], [ "In which of the following research methods, an empirico—inductive paradigm is employed?
1. Ethnographic probe
2. Case study method
3. Ex post facto method
4. Narrative method
5. Experimental method
Select your answer from the options given below:", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 4", "3, 4 and 5", "c" ], [ "The probability sampling procedures are mostly used in which of the following researches?
1. Survey researches
2. Experimental researches
3. Phenomenology based researches
4. Action researches
5. Correlational design based researches
Select your answer from the following options:", "1, 2 and 5", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "3, 4 and 5", "a" ], [ "A researcher while reporting his/her research findings gives weightage to stake holder’s perspective in a qualitative research theme. This will involve", "Violation of ethical norms", "Bias and prejudices", "Disclosure of reality situation", "Inappropriate interference of others in research", "c" ], [ "From the following list identify the qualitative research characteristics and select your answer from the codes given below:
(i) Creating purpose statements and research questions
(ii) Stating the purpose and research questions in a broad way
(iii) Collecting data based on words from a small number of individuals
(iv) Collecting numeric data and statistical analysis
(v) Using text analysis and interpreting larger meanings of the findings", "(ii), (iii) and (v)", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(i), (ii) and (iv)", "(i), (iii) and (v)", "a" ], [ "Position papers are", "Compiling of academic articles", "Providing review articles", "Offering a synopsis of an extended research", "Highlighting of issues and depiction of status", "d" ], [ "A hypothesis is", "A certain and established finding", "A part of the research question", "A strategy of evaluating data", "A tentative statement providing an explanation", "d" ], [ "Case studies are", "Studies conducted in areas of genetics and microbiology", "In-depth examination of a subject and its related conditions", "A report on the existing socio political condition", "Specialized research in the areas of health and sanitation", "b" ], [ "Identify those stages/steps of research in which ethical considerations become relevant. Choose from the code to give your answer.
1. Identifying and defining research question.
2. Postulating relationships among variables to advance a solution.
3. Collecting data through use of research tools.
4. Defining the population and sampling procedure.
5. Data analysis and procedure employed.
6. Reporting procedure of findings/results.", "3, 5 and 6", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 6", "a" ], [ "In the two sets given below, Set-I specifies the methods of research while Set-II describes the critical feature associated with a method of research. Match the two and select from the code to indicate your answer.
| Set-I (Research methods) | Set-II (Critical features associated) |
|---|---|
| (a) Experimental method | (i) Generalizing to the population from a large sample |
| (b) Ex post facto method | (ii) Establishing the patterns of events which have happened, through primary and secondary sources |
| (c) Historical method | (iii) Studying shared behaviour patterns |
| (d) Ethnographic method | (iv) Establishing cause and effect through control(v) Probing into the causal factors from the observed effects |
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(iv) (v) (ii) (iii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)", "(ii) (i) (iv) (iii)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "a" ], [ "The paradigm of research which focuses on the development of professional expertise of the researcher-practitioner is called:", "Pure research", "Applied research", "Action research", "Qualitative research", "c" ], [ "Which of the following statements best reflect the meaning and characteristics of research? Select from the code to give your answer.
1. Research means challenging the status quo.
2. Research is an endeavour to collect facts and information.
3. Research is a synthesis of deductive and inductive processes.
4. Research means proving one’s assertions and beliefs.
5. Research is a careful review of reported studies.
6. Research is a critical and passionate search for knowledge.", "1, 5 and 6", "2, 4 and 5", "1, 3 and 6", "1, 2 and 3", "c" ], [ "In the two sets given below, Set-I provides the format of presentation and Set-II gives the distinct features to go with them. Match the two sets and select from the code to indicate your answer.
| Set-I (Format of presentation) | Set-II (Distinctive features) |
|---|---|
| (a) Thesis/ dissertation | (i) Based on free-wheeling of ideas |
| (b) Research paper | (ii) Target oriented group based reflection |
| (c) Workshop | (iii) Reflective deliberations based on specific themes |
| (d) Seminar | (iv) Presentation on a summary of research done(v) Systematic prescribed format |
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(iii) (i) (ii) (v)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "(v) (iv) (ii) (iii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (v)", "c" ], [ "There are two sets given below. Set-I specifies the types of research, while Set-II indicates their characteristics. Match the two and give your answer by selecting the appropriate code.
| Set-I (Research types) | Set-II (Characteristics) |
|---|---|
| (a) Fundamental research | (i) Finding out the extent of perceived impact of an intervention |
| (b) Applied research | (ii) Developing an effective explanation through theory building |
| (c) Action research | (iii) Improving an existing situation through use of interventions |
| (d) Evaluative research | (iv) Exploring the possibility of a theory for use in various situations(v) Enriching technological resources |
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)", "(ii) (iv) (iii) (i)", "(v) (iv) (iii) (ii)", "(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)", "(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)", "a" ], [ "Which of the sets of activities best indicate the cyclic nature of action research strategy?", "Reflect, Observe, Plan, Act", "Observe, Act, Reflect, Plan", "Act, Plan, Observe, Reflect", "Plan, Act, Observe, Reflect", "d" ], [ "Which of the following sequences of research steps is nearer to scientific method?", "Suggested solution of the problem, Deducing the consequences of the solution, Perceiving the problem situation, Location of the difficulty and testing the solutions.", "Perceiving the problem situation, Locating the actual problem and its definition, Hypothesizing, Deducing the consequences of the suggested solution and Testing the hypothesis in action.", "Defining a problem, Identifying the causes of the problem, Defining a population, Drawing a sample, Collecting data and Analysing results.", "Identifying the causal factors, Defining the problem, Developing a hypothesis, Selecting a sample, Collecting data and arriving at generalizations and Conclusions.", "b" ], [ "The problem of ‘research ethics’ is concerned with which aspect of research activities?", "Following the prescribed format of a thesis", "Data analysis through qualitative or quantitative techniques", "Defining the population of research", "Evidence based research reporting", "d" ], [ "The tendency of researchers to subtly and inadvertently affect the behaviours of participants in study, obscuring the true effect of the independent variable, refers to:", "Hawthorne Effect", "Biosocial Effect", "Experimental Bias", "Participant Bias", "c" ], [ "In which of the following research types focuses on ameliorating the prevailing situations?", "Fundamental Research", "Applied Research", "Action Research", "Experimental Research", "c" ], [ "A researcher attempts to evaluate the effect of method of feeding on anxiety - proneness of children. Which method of research would be appropriate for this?", "Case study method", "Experimental method", "Ex-post-facto method", "Survey method", "c" ], [ "In finalizing a thesis writing format, which of the following would form part of supplementary pages?", "List of tables and figures", "Table of contents", "Conclusions of the study", "Bibliography and Appendices", "d" ], [ "Which of the following is susceptible to the issue of research ethics?", "Inaccurate application of statistical techniques", "Faulty research design", "Choice of sampling techniques", "Reporting of research findings", "d" ], [ "The principal of a school conducts an interview session of teachers and students with a view to explore the possibility of their enhanced participation in school programmes. This endeavour may be related to which type of research?", "Evaluation Research", "Fundamental Research", "Action Research", "Applied Research", "c" ], [ "In doing action research what is the usual sequence of steps?", "Reflect, observe, plan, act", "Plan, act, observe, reflect", "Plan, reflect, observe, act", "Act, observe, plan, reflect", "b" ], [ "Which sequence of research steps is logical in the list given below?", "Problem formulation, Analysis, Development of Research design, Hypothesis making, Collection of data, Arriving at generalizations and conclusions.", "Development of Research design, Hypothesis making, Problem formulation, Data analysis, Arriving at conclusions and data collection.", "Problem formulation, Hypothesis making, Development of a Research design, Collection of data, Data analysis and formulation of generalizations and conclusions.", "Problem formulation, Deciding about the sample and data collection tools, Formulation of hypothesis, Collection and interpretation of research evidence.", "c" ], [ "The issue of ‘research ethics’ may be considered pertinent at which stage of research?", "At the stage of problem formulation and its definition", "At the stage of defining the population of research", "At the stage of data collection and interpretation", "At the stage of reporting the findings.", "c" ], [ "A researcher intends to explore the effect of possible factors for the organization of effective mid-day meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for this study?", "Historical method", "Descriptive survey method", "Experimental method", "Ex-post-facto method", "d" ], [ "Which of the following is an initial mandatory requirement for pursuing research?", "Developing a research design", "Formulating a research question", "Deciding about the data analysis procedure", "Formulating a research hypothesis", "b" ], [ "The format of thesis writing is the same as in", "preparation of a research paper/article", "writing of seminar presentation", "a research dissertation", "presenting a workshop/conference paper", "c" ], [ "In the qualitative research paradigm, which of the following features may be considered critical?", "Data collection with standardised research tools.", "Sampling design with probability sample techniques.", "Data collection with bottom-up empirical evidence.", "Data gathering to take place with top-down systematic evidence.", "c" ], [ "From the following list of statements identify the set which has negative implications for ‘research ethics’:
(i) A researcher critically looks at the findings of another research.
(ii) Related studies are cited without proper references.
(iii) Research findings are the basis for policy making.
(iv) Conduct of the practitioner is screened in terms of reported research evidence.
(v) A research study is replicated with a view to verify the evidence from other researches.
(vi) Both policy making and policy implementing processes are regulated in terms of preliminary studies.", "(i), (ii) and (iii)", "(ii), (iii) and (iv)", "(ii), (iv) and (vi)", "(i), (iii) and (v)", "c" ], [ "In a research on the effect of child-rearing practices on stress-proneness of children in completing school projects, the hypothesis formulated is that ‘child rearing practices do influence stress-proneness’. At the data-analysis stage a null hypothesis is advanced to find out the tenability of the research hypothesis. On the basis of the evidence available, the null hypothesis is rejected at 0.01 level of significance. What decision may be warranted in respect of the research hypothesis?", "The research hypothesis will also be rejected.", "The research hypothesis will be accepted.", "Both the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis will be rejected.", "No decision can be taken in respect of the research hypothesis.", "b" ], [ "Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of research are correct?
(a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution of a problem.
(b) It is a systematic, logical and an unbiased process wherein verification of hypothesis, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
(c) It is an intellectual enquiry or quest towards truth.
(d) It leads to enhancement of knowledge.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:", "1, 2 and 3", "2, 3 and 4", "1, 3 and 4", "1, 2, 3 and 4", "d" ], [ "A good thesis writing should involve:
1. reduction of punctuation and grammatical errors to a minimum.
2. careful checking of references.
3. consistency in the way the thesis is written.
4. a clear and well written abstract.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:", "1, 2, 3 and 4", "1, 2 and 3", "1, 2 and 4", "2, 3 and 4", "a" ], [ "Jean Piaget gave a theory of cognitive development of humans on the basis of his:", "Fundamental Research", "Applied Research", "Action Research", "Evaluation Research", "a" ], [ "“Male and female students perform equally well in a numerical aptitude test.” This statement indicates a:", "research hypothesis", "null hypothesis", "directional hypothesis", "statistical hypothesis", "b" ], [ "Which of the following statements is not true in the context of participatory research?", "It recognizes knowledge as power.", "It emphasises on people as experts.", "It is a collective process of enquiry.", "Its sole purpose is production of knowledge.", "d" ], [ "Which of the following statements is true in the context of the testing of a hypothesis?", "It is only the alternative hypothesis, that can be tested.", "It is only the null hypothesis, that can be tested.", "Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.", "Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.", "b" ], [ "Ethical norms in research do not involve guidelines for:", "Thesis format", "Copyright", "Patenting policy", "Data sharing policies", "a" ], [ "A variable that has a causal impact on another, variable is called.", "Dependent variable", "Independent variable", "Confounding variable", "Extraneous variable", "b" ], [ "Which among the following types of variables can NOT be rank ordered?", "Nominal", "Ordinal", "Interval", "Ratio", "a" ], [ "Qualitative research is usually ________ whereas quantitative research is usually_____ .", "structured, unstructured", "unstructured, structured", "inductive, deductive", "deductive, inductive", "c" ], [ "A research study is said to have heuristic value if:", "It leads to no further research", "It generates more research", "Its results lack consistency", "Its results lack validity", "b" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement I : Medical research usually involves pain or distress in animals.
Statement II : Psychological research is usually benign and may involve little, if any, discomfort for the animals.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:", "Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.", "Both Statement I and Statement II are in correct.", "Statement I is correct but Statement II is in correct.", "Statement I is in correct but Statement II is correct.", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement I: The quantitative content analysis in Social science research is a very transparent research method.
Statement II: The quantitative content analysis is often referred to as obtrusive method.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most correct answer from the options given below:", "Both statement I and statement II are correct.", "Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.", "Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.", "Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.", "c" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): In Cross- Sectional research, a researcher studies the same population over time.
Statement (II): In retrospective study, a researcher relies on people's memories and recollections of the past.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.", "Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.", "Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.", "d" ], [ "The systematic elimination of extraneous variables, other than those you are interested in, can be done in which of the following types of research?", "Qualitative research", "Longitudinal research", "Experimental research", "Co relational research", "c" ], [ "Identify the types of longitudinal studies from the following:
(A) Trend studies
(B) Cross-sectional studies
(C) Panel studies
(D) Prospective studies
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "(A) and (C) only", "(A), (B) and (C) only", "(B), (C) and (D) only", "(A), (C) and (D) only", "d" ], [ "An epistemological position that advocated the application of the methods of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond, refers to :", "Positivism", "Interpretivism", "Objectivism", "Constructionism", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements: Statement I: Qualitative research is impressionistic and objective. Statement II: Quantitative research has a lower level of possibility of generalising the findings.", "Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.", "Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.", "Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.", "Both statements I and II are correct.", "c" ], [ "Which of the following are the components of decision traps to illustrate what needs to be a possible evaluatory framework to monitor the learning process?
A. Overconfidence
B. Coaching
C. Frame blindness
D. Taking shortcuts
E. Persistent misconception", "A and B only", "A, C and D only", "A, B and C only", "A, C and E only", "b" ], [ "Which of the following research approaches suggests that theory is an outcome of research?", "Deductive approach", "Inductive approach", "Quantitative approach", "Cross-sectional approach", "b" ], [ "The systematic elimination of extraneous variables other than those you are interested in can be achieved in:", "Qualitative research", "Correlational research", "Experimental research", "Longitudional research", "c" ], [ "Qualitative research is generally associated with-", "Inductive approach", "Deductive approach", "Positivism", "Objectivism", "a" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): In a reference written in APA style, the first name of an author is written first.
Statement (II): In a reference written in APA style, the year of the publication is written after the page number.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are true", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false", "Statement (I) is true but statement (II) is false", "Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true", "b" ], [ "Given below are two statements :
Statement (I): Qualitative research lays emphasis on contextual understanding.
Statement (II): Quantitative research is typically highly unstructured.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.", "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.", "Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.", "Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.", "c" ], [ "Which of the following are the major factors that threaten coral reefs?", "A. Decreasing sea temperatures
B. Human activities
C. Global warming
D. Rising sea-levels", "A and C only", "B, C and D only", "B and C only", "A and B only", "c" ], [ "Which of the following criteria in qualitative research concerns the question ___________ do the results apply to other contexts?", "Transferability", "Reliability", "Internal validity", "Approval", "a" ], [ "The criterion of 'dependendability' in qualitative research parallels which of the following criteria in quantitative research?", "Objectivity", "internal validity", "external validity", "reliability", "d" ], [ "The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers are:
A. Measurement
B. Casuality
C. Generalization
D. Replication
Choose the correct answer from the options given below", "A and B only", "B, C and D only", "A, C and D only", "A, B, C and D", "d" ], [ "Identify the similarities between quantitative and qualitative research:
(A) Both are concerned with data reduction.
(B) Both are concerned with variation in data.
(C) Both lay emphasis on contextual understanding.
(D) Both lay emphasis on generalization.
(E) Both are concerned with answering research questions.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "(A), and (D) Only", "(A), (B), (D) and (E) Only", "(B), (D) and (E) Only", "(A), (B) and (E) Only", "d" ], [ "Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of quantitative research?", "explanatory", "Constructivism", "Positivism", "Inductiveism", "c" ], [ "Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of qualitative research?", "Deductiveism", "Positivism", "Subjectivism", "interpretivism", "d" ], [ "Select the major assumptions of qualitative researchers :
(A) Emphasis on process
(B) Emphasis on generalization
(C) Emphasis on context
(D) Emphasis on description
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:", "Only (A), (B) and (C)", "Only (B), (C) and (D)", "Only (A), (B) and (D)", "Only (A), (C) and (D)", "d" ], [ "If a conclusion incorporates a causal relationship between two or more variables it has measured.", "External validity", "Internal validity", "Replicability", "Conceptualisation", "b" ], [ "Your measurements should show which of the following validities if you want to generalize the results of your research to a different population?", "Construct validity", "Internal validity", "External validity", "Convergent validity", "c" ], [ "A researcher conducts a study regarding a population and gets some results. Now he wants to generalize these results to a different population. For this, the following should be shown in his measurement.", "External validity", "internal validity", "Amissary validity", "divergent validity", "a" ] ]